Linux基础知识 - Something TO DO
Linux基础知识
总结Linux学习中会经常用到又容易忘记的一些小知识
1、在纯文本界面下，中文会呈现乱码，如果想要让系统的默认的语系变成英文的话，那么可以修改系统配置文件
【/etc/sysconfig/i18n】。
2、改变用户（用于切换普通用户和root）
sudo su
3、一个文件下ls -al得出的文件描述为：drwxr-xr-- 1 test1 testgroup 5238 Jun 19 10:25 groups/
对于testgroup组之外的other用户权限中【r--】虽然有r，但是由于没有x的权限，因此others的使用者，并不能进入此目录！
4， 下载软件中心的软件所用指令：
sudo apt-get install *****(软件名称)
5，在linux下访问windows盘的内容：
cd /media/***/~~~
其中，***为用户名，～～～为盘符名称
6, Ubuntu升级出现/boot空间不足解决方法 [1]
可以通过“ls /boot”命令查看/boot中有哪些文件：
zht@zht-Ubuntu:~$ ls /boot
abi-3.5.0-17-generic lost+found
abi-3.5.0-21-generic memtest86+.bin
abi-3.5.0-26-generic memtest86+_multiboot.bin
config-3.5.0-17-generic System.map-3.5.0-17-generic
config-3.5.0-21-generic System.map-3.5.0-21-generic
config-3.5.0-26-generic System.map-3.5.0-26-generic
grub vmlinuz-3.5.0-17-generic
initrd.img-3.5.0-17-generic vmlinuz-3.5.0-21-generic
initrd.img-3.5.0-21-generic vmlinuz-3.5.0-26-generic
initrd.img-3.5.0-26-generic
可以看到都是一些内核启动文件，很明显有些是我们不需要的（建议先卸载比较老的内核），不需要的就当垃圾处删除吧。理论上，除正在用的其它的都可以卸载，但刚升级的东西可能不稳定，为保险起见，保留1-2个之前版本备用吧。
注意：卸载老的内核之前，首先用uname -a查看当前启动的是哪个内核（防止把当前正在使用的内核卸载了）：
zht@zht-Ubuntu:~$ uname -a
Linux zht-Ubuntu 3.5.0-26-generic #42-Ubuntu SMP Fri Mar 8 23:18:20 UTC 2013 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
===============================
卸载旧的内核，命令如下：
//卸载linux-image-3.5.0-17-generic
zht@zht-Ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get purge Linux-image-3.5.0-17-generic
之后根据提示输入yes即可完成卸载。
7，从windows复制的文件中文显示乱码
情况1：在centOS或debian等Unix系统上，使用vim编辑文件时，输入中文时，中文乱码：
#vim /root/.vimrc
输入如下配置：
syntax on
set fileencodings=ucs-bom,utf-8,utf-16,gbk,big5,gb18030,latin1
set fileencoding=utf-8
:wq
再次vim编辑时OK。
解释下：syntax on表示语法高亮；fileencoding表示保存文件时的默认文件编码；fileencodings表示vim读取文件时，采用的编码识别序列，从左往右匹配。
情况2：在windows上编写的文件，上传至Linux上，vim编辑时乱码。原因是windows默认使用gbk编码，在Linux上，使用iconv命令可以转码：
#iconv -f GBK -t UTF-8 test.txt -o test2.txt
再次vim编辑时OK。
情况3：在secureCRT或xshell等SSH工具上，vim编辑文件时乱码。这个情况很办好：修改客户端的编码格式即可。以secureCRT为例：找到options---session options---terminal---Appearance，把charset encoding改为utf-8就好了。
8,安装windows和linux双系统，其中一个系统不能上网的问题
9,直接用su切换到超级管理员
方法：用
sudo passwd
然后设置密码，之后就可以用su直接切换到超级管理员。
参考：
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