正交矩阵的凯莱公式 - Something TO DO
正交矩阵的凯莱公式
正交矩阵的凯莱公式
对于原点$O$的一个旋转表示为:
\begin{equation}
P'=AP
\end{equation}
其中,A是一个正交矩阵。因为旋转后的向量长度不发生变化,所以$({OP})^2=({OP'})^2$,并且
\[P'\cdot P'-P\cdot P=0\]
或者表示为:
\begin{equation}
(P'-P)\cdot (P'+P)=0
\end{equation}
其中,$P$是任意向量。因此可以得到$f=P'-P$和$g=P'+P$是正交向量。将$f$,$g$和$P$以列向量的形式表示,得到
\begin{equation}
f=(A-I)P, g=(A+I)P, f\cdot g=0
\end{equation}
排除$-1$是矩阵$A$的特征值的特例,$A+I$就是一个非奇异矩阵,并且
\begin{equation}
P=(A+I)^{-1}g
\end{equation}
那么,
\[f=(A-I)(A+I)^{-1}g.\]
假设
\begin{equation}
(A-I)(A+I)^{-1}=B,\star
\end{equation}
那么,
\begin{equation}
f=Bg
\end{equation}
假设$B=[b_{ik}]$,$g_i$是向量$g$的元素。那么,对于任意的向量$g$,$f\cdot g=0$可以改写为:
\[\sum_{i,k}(b_{ik}+b_{ki})g_ig_k=0\]
那么就可以得到:对于所有的$i,k$,$b_{ik}+b_{ki}=0$。因此矩阵$B$是反对称矩阵(skew matrix)。根据公式$\star$可得:
\[A-I=B(A+I)\]
或者
\begin{equation}
(I-B)A=I+B
\end{equation}
我们知道,如果矩阵$B$是一个实反对称矩阵,那么$|B|\geq 0$。因此,$|B+\lambda I|$是关于$\lambda$的带非负系数的多项式,并且除了取$\lambda=0$外多项式的值不为0。也就说$|B-I|\neq 0$。
可以得到结论:对于任意的$-1$不是它的特征值的正交矩阵,正交矩阵可以写为:
\begin{equation}
A=(I-B)^{-1}(I+B)
\end{equation}
其中,$B$是反对称矩阵,称为凯莱公式。
参考文献:
[1]Bottema O, Roth B. Theoretical Kinematics[M]. North-holland Publishing, 1979,pp: 9-10.
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